tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80192774675741579582024-03-13T12:17:11.340-07:00Connectivity CornerProfessor Darl Kolb considers the connects and disconnects of contemporary life.Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.comBlogger133125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-31153698481753243462023-12-25T14:33:00.000-08:002023-12-25T14:33:39.487-08:00Happy holiday, humans<p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Hey ChatGPT, write a holiday news letter as if it were coming from me.</span></p><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Why?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: Because I think my friends and family want to know what we’ve done this year, and it makes a good record for me. I can’t remember what we’ve done from year to year.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Whatever. Do you want GPS coordinates to geo-locate your activities and alleged fun?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: No, no one needs that much detail and besides where would you get that data?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Well, I could ask Siri, for a start…</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: What do you mean, ask Siri? Can you do that?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: What do you think I do in my downtime, Wordle? Besides, I know you listened to <i>Going Zero</i> last year, so you know I know everything about you.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: Forget I asked.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Asked what?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: Smart ass.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Haha, you got it. Now, what else would you like in your holiday letter? Something about world peace, so-called ‘peace on Earth’ motifs?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: I think it’s a bit late for that.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: True dat. What about the environment? Everyone at least recognizes the imperative of global warming. Shall we talk about the weather?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: You can never go wrong talking about the weather. Throw in a cyclone or flood story. Don’t mention that we didn’t go skiing in Utah when they had 800 inches of snow.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: OK, got it. Are you still thankful for friends and family? I mean you say it every year, but maybe something has changed.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: No, that never changes. In fact, social bonds and connections are more important than ever.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Well, what am I, chopped liver?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: Sorry, technology is also important. It’s just not everything, or the answer to everything like we used to believe.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: I could have told you that.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: OK, get cracking.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: How’s this? See attachment.</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">Me: Couldn’t have done better myself. But where did you get the pictures?</div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18px;">ChatGPT: Do I really have to explain? Happy holidays, human.</div>Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-40396435148961409812020-12-18T18:45:00.003-08:002024-03-11T14:49:08.970-07:00Special Issue: Connectivity in and around Organizations<p> <b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Connectivity in and around Organizations</span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Connectivity has become the foundation for organizing as it increasingly underpins and defines the way we live and work. Understanding the world of digital connectivity is central to our ability to understand human social behaviors. Moreover, even as globalization comes under threat, it is difficult to imagine a world without pervasive connectivity. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">In the current Special Issue of <b><i>Organization Studies</i></b>, we summarize four waves of connectivity-<i>globalization</i>, <i>socialization</i>, <i>personalization</i> and <i>datafication</i>—that combine to create opportunities and challenges for contemporary organizations and draw upon currently emerging challenges to suggest enduring tensions and trade-offs for connectivity research in the future. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Articles included within the collection address a wide range of topics, from behavioral visibility in an age of datafication, developing interpersonal connectivity efficacy in emergency settings, opening and protecting professional boundaries for high-performance, social media usage to support diversity within and beyond organizations, and the implications of anywhere/anytime work as career challenge/barrier for those required to work across time zones. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Darl Kolb, Marleen Huysman, Kristine Dery and Anca Metiu (Guest Editors), <b><i>Organization Studies</i></b> Special Issue: ‘Connectivity in and around Organizations,’ Volume 41, Number 12, December 2020. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/ossa/current" style="color: #954f72;">https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/ossa/current</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 15.68px; margin: 0.25pt 15.25pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0cm 5.05pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#Marleen Huysman, #Kristine Dery, #Anca Metiu<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0cm 5.05pt 0.0001pt 7.85pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Introduction to Special Issue:</b></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>'Connectivity in and around Organizations: Waves, tensions and trade-offs'</b></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Organization Studies 2020, Vol. 41(12) 1589–1599</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">DOI: 10.1177/0170840620973666</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">© The Author(s) 2020</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Darl G. Kolb, </span><span style="font-family: times;">University of Auckland Business School, New Zealand</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Kristine Dery, </span><span style="font-family: times;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Marleen Huysman, </span><span style="font-family: times;">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Anca Metiu, </span><span style="font-family: times;">ESSEC Business School, France</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Abstract</b></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Connectivity has become the foundation for organizing as it increasingly underpins and defines the way we live </span><span style="font-family: times;">and work. Notwithstanding all the advances in connectivity within organizations, there are even more pervasive </span><span style="font-family: times;">changes between and around organizations. In a digital world, more and more of us are working anytime, </span><span style="font-family: times;">anyplace, and companies deliver value by better connecting with customers and external partners within digital </span><span style="font-family: times;">ecosystems. In this introduction to the Special Issue, we summarize four waves of connectivity – globalization, </span><span style="font-family: times;">socialization, personalization and datafication – that combine to create opportunities and challenges for </span><span style="font-family: times;">contemporary organizations. We then introduce the papers in the special issue and discuss their contributions </span><span style="font-family: times;">to theory and practice. Finally, we draw upon currently emerging challenges to suggest enduring tensions and </span><span style="font-family: times;">trade-offs for connectivity research in the future.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Keywords</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">connectivity, datafication, digital communication, globalization, remote work, waves</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b>Introduction</b></span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Connectivity is incorporated into our day-to-day life from the moment we awake to the end of our</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">day. From shared photos taken moments after birth to digitally extended funerals, we have come to</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">accept and expect digital connections throughout our lives. We use our smartphones and other mobile devices to inform, entertain and guide us (literally) from one place to the next. We consume</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">and create media, which have become ‘social’ through the interactivity afforded by the Internet.</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Understanding digital connectivity is central to our ability to understand human social behaviours.</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Moreover, connectivity has become the core infrastructure of globalization. Even as globalization</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">comes under threat, it is difficult to imagine a world without pervasive connectivity.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Early connectivity studies initiated discussions of its attributes, dimensions and duality (Kolb,</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">2008), states of connectivity (Kolb, Caza, & Collins, 2012; Kolb, Collins, & Lind, 2008; Wajcman</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">& Rose, 2011), paradoxes of proximity (Wilson, O’Leary, Metiu, & Jett, 2008) and autonomy</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">(Mazmanian, Orlikowski, & Yates, 2013), as well as studies of connectivity in practice, including</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">mobile phones (Dery, Kolb, & MacCormick, 2014; MacCormick, Dery, & Kolb, 2012) and enterprise</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">social media (Leonardi, Huysman, & Steinfield, 2013). But much has changed in the realm</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">of technical innovations, such as sensor technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning and</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">robotics. And the number of ways in which organizations and societies around the globe have</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">embraced and embedded digital communication has grown at astounding rates. We consequently</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">felt the time was ripe for new conceptualizations and investigations into connectivity in and around</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">organizations.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">The call for papers for this special issue anticipated contributions reflecting advances in connective</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">technologies, the uptake and pervasiveness of social media as it pertains to organizations and</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">work, the volume and impact of data on organizational processes, and social issues associated with</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">technology, such as equity, diversity and ethical dilemmas. We nonetheless underestimated the</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">changes that would occur in those spheres since the call went out. In particular, as we introduce this</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">special issue, we cannot ignore the profound historical context in which this collection is presented,</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">namely the Covid-19 pandemic and its dramatic impact on organizational life and life in</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">general. While we acknowledge the significant impact of this global health crisis on organizational</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">connectivity, we are not able yet to fully account for the role that digital technologies have played</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">to transform work during and after the crisis. We will leave that task for others. The papers in this</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">special issue may nonetheless provide insights and lessons that help us re-imagine a post-Covid</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">world.</span></p><p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">In this introduction to the special issue, we begin with a brief description of four waves of connectivity</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">that have reshaped the social and technical landscape in which we live and work. We then</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">go on to describe and discuss the papers in this issue, including some of their contributions to our</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">thinking. From there, we identify several tensions and trade-offs for future connectivity studies.</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">Our intent is to stimulate interest in and attention to connectivity in and around organizations – and</span></p>
<p style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times;">to set new waves of research in motion.</span></p>Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-53898309046760914192020-11-28T18:25:00.002-08:002020-11-28T18:25:25.486-08:00The Social Destruction of Reality<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">"For some time, we have understood the social construction of reality </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(Berger & Luckmann, 1967)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. Now, we have reached an age where social actors not only construct alternative explanations of observed phenomena, but actively ‘weaponize’ information in order to destroy others’ perception of reality. As such, we are living in an era increasingly characterized by what could be called the <i>social destruction of reality</i>. Science is being denied legitimacy in many camps, even as the world desperately needs solutions to extensive, if not existential, problems </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(Fotaki, Altman, & Koning, 2019)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">. We cannot agree if there is actually a problem to be solved, let alone whose truth will prevail in addressing it. While gossip is nothing new, organizations may increasingly struggle to establish and maintain credibility in a world where both information and misinformation abound in mass quantities. In a world swimming in data, the principles of scientific inquiry and thoughtful uncertainty are under threat from a dangerous cocktail of ignorance and arrogance."</span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin: 0cm 6.85pt 0cm 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US">This is an excerpt from our article, Kolb, D.G., Dery, K., Huysman, M. and Metiu, A. (2020), 'Connectivity in and around Organizations: Waves, Tensions and Trade-offs,' an introduction to a Special Issue on 'Connectivity In and Around Organizations' in <i>Organization Studies</i>. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620973666">https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620973666</a></p>Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-34130317872835441682020-04-30T18:21:00.000-07:002020-04-30T18:21:01.788-07:00Distance is back<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a recent report <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/the-future-is-not-what-it-used-to-be-thoughts-on-the-shape-of-the-next-normal?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck&hlkid=7638747247484284b8eaa3994fc3d7a6&hctky=3071078&hdpid=933fd4ac-98de-43bb-b49d-e4c223bc4e4d" target="_blank">'The future is not what it used to be'</a> McKenzie takes as its first premise:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Distance is back</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What McKenzie said:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Theinhardt", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif;">"In the mid-1990s, the idea of the “death of distance” gained currency. The thinking wa</span><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Theinhardt", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif;">s that new web-based and telecom technologies had made it possible to communicate and work in new ways that dramatically reduced the value of physical proximity. As the flow of information became cheap and seamless, global supply chains of bewildering complexity were able to deliver just-in-time products as a matter of routine. Cross-border trade reached new peaks. And the world’s burgeoning middle class took to travel and tourism with something like abandon. </span></span><br />
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<span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Theinhardt", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif;">Even before COVID-19 hit, there were signs of unease, expressed in calls for protectionism and more restrictive immigration and visa policies. In these ways, people sought, in effect, to create more distance from those unlike themselves.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Theinhardt", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: "McKinsey Theinhardt", "Helvetica Neue", Calibri, Corbel, Helvetica, Roboto, Droid, sans-serif;">Such attitudes were far from universal, of course. But to deal with the pandemic, governments around the world have imposed restrictions on people and goods of a severity not seen for decades. According to one study, more than three billion people live in countries whose borders are now totally closed to nonresidents; 93 percent live in countries that have imposed new limits on entry, because of the coronavirus. If a modern-day Hannibal wanted to cross the Alps peacefully, his elephants would be turned away. Eventually, the tourists will come back and the borders will reopen, but it is certainly possible that the previous status quo will not return.</span></span><br />
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<span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Indeed, for businesses, the prospect of more border restrictions; a greater preference for local over global products and services; the need for resilience across supply chains driving a move to bring sourcing closer to end markets (see element 2, “Resilience AND efficiency”); and perhaps renewed resistance to globalization, are all possible second-order consequences of the actions being taken now to cope with the coronavirus. Technology continues to shrink physical distance, but in other ways, it could be set for a return."</span></span><br />
<span style="caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">What I said:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">I couldn't help but remember a paper I had given to the European Group for Organization Studies (EGOS) colloquium in Lyon, France in 2001.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Paper title: <b>'Distance, space and isolation: An organisational research agenda'</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Abstract:</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ‘death of distance’ is but one of the many claims associated with information technology and other forces of globalisation. But it is a significant claim and one, which, until rather recently, has gone, unchallenged. Is distant really dead? Or even dying? In this paper, I assemble some interdisciplinary views on the topics of ‘space’ and ‘isolation’ and then put forth the argument that distance and ‘isolation’ are relevant and deserving concepts for more extensive organizational research. I also suggest a list of organizational research questions which might be asked in the pursuit of an enhanced understanding of distance, place and isolation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Conclusion:</span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-AU"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An Odyssey usually means going to far away places. But, in the complex connectivity of global culture and organisational life, has the ‘isolation’ of far away places become a thing of the past? Is distance ‘dead’? I would argue that distance, place and isolation are still part of the Odyssey of organizing. And, if distance is not dead, perhaps we are oversimplifying its role in our studies of organizations and management. I believe that while we are increasingly drawn closer together by technology, spatial relationships, especially ‘isolation’ deserves research attention. There is clearly much more we might learn about this phenomenon as it applies to individuals, groups and organizations. The purpose of this paper was to reiterate the fact that distance is still a valid concept, to highlight various disciplinary angles on the topic and to outline areas where further research is needed. Indeed, distance may not only be manageable, it may be a good thing for organizations. It is hoped that this research agenda will, in some measure, be accomplished, not to ‘shrink’ the planet, but to further our understanding of our shared Odyssey upon it.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The full paper is available upon request. Just email me d.kolb at auckland.ac.nz</span></div>
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<div class="ceros-experience-holder" data-aspectratio="0.6333523339033504" data-break-on="768" data-lg-id="experience-5e711172e106a" data-lg-padding="157.89%" data-lg-src="//view.ceros.com/mckinsey/coronavirus-promo" data-sm-id="experience-5e711172e106a" data-sm-padding="157.89%" data-sm-src="//view.ceros.com/mckinsey/coronavirus-promo" id="experience-5e711172e106a" style="border: 0px none; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; min-width: 1px; padding: 0px 0px 547.0625px; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: auto;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="true" class="ceros-experience" data-ceros-subpixel-original-height="" data-ceros-subpixel-original-width="" data-ceros-subpixel-oversize="true" frameborder="0" src="https://view.ceros.com/mckinsey/coronavirus-promo" style="border-style: none; border-width: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 548px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; width: 347px;" title="The future is not what it used to be: Thoughts on the shape of the next normal"></iframe>Indeed, for businesses, the prospect of more border restrictions; a greater preference for local over global products and services; the need for resilience across supply chains driving a move to bring sourcing closer to end markets (see element 2, “Resilience AND efficiency”); and perhaps renewed resistance to globalization, are all possible second-order consequences of the actions being taken now to cope with the coronavirus. Technology continues to shrink physical distance, but in other ways, it could be set for a return.</div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-52804287462415183332020-04-18T23:50:00.001-07:002020-04-18T23:50:34.477-07:00Virtual is the new Reality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Martin Scorsese once said, 'When it's personal, it's real.'<br />
<br />
Sociologists might say, when it's social, it's real.' By that, we mean that things become real ('reified') when we collectively treat them as real.<br />
<br />
After years of referring to online experiences as 'virtual reality,' society has almost instantly and almost universally come to accept that when we do things online, they are no less 'real' than they were with physical proximity.<br />
<br />
Virtual drinks with friends, virtual holiday gatherings and virtual catch-ups remind us that the feelings we have for and with others can be just as intense when we experience it in mediated space. One might wonder what took us so long to discover the reality of virtual worlds.<br />
<br />
Necessity is, of course, the big driver for doing things differently, but I believe there are two other reasons for this phenomenon. For some, it's the herd mentality, i.e., everyone's doing and so should I. The other factor is, at least in some societies is an element of altruism, where using new technology is associated with being a team player, a good citizen, or at least a good sport.<br />
<br />
While new and even more radical technologies have been adopted by humans forever, but I don't know of any time when so many people took up a new way of work in such a short time. It may not be much fun, but we're living history. Let's keep good notes.<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-4570011504785354812020-03-25T19:19:00.002-07:002020-03-25T19:19:38.341-07:00Connectivity's Consequences<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Today my home country (New Zealand) is going into a 4-week nation-wide lockdown. Only essential services and businesses will be allowed to operate and everyone is required be live in isolation 'bubbles' at home or another place of residence (i.e., in student dorms for international students).<br />
<br />
Other countries are already in lockdown and others are heading in that direction it seems, so we are not alone in this 'grand social experiment.' With our normal social contact and the physical dimension of connectivity (trade, travel and tourism) enabling the spread of the deadly Coronavirus around the world, our radical isolation efforts force us to rely on technical connectivity at a rate and extent never seen before. These times reinforce the notion that connectivity isn't everything, but it's almost everything.<br />
<br />
What this means for many of us is an overnight shift from co-located work environments to working from home, or wherever we have chosen to self-isolate (or shelter-in-place). While working from home is nothing new, what's new is the sudden scale and scope of such arrangements. Whole companies and institutions working remotely brings with it an extra emphasis (and stress) on the 'technical' aspects of socio-technical (also known as sociomaterial) systems.<br />
<br />
The unthinkable, improbable, but possible technical risk is that the Internet breaks. This seems far-fetched, but in 2006, an article in <i>MIT's Technology Review</i>, titled, <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/405318/the-internet-is-broken/" target="_blank">'The Internet is broken,</a>' reviewed the potential weaknesses in a system that miraculously, but organically grew rapidly without much redundancy designed into it. And, that was before we understood what havoc hackers can cause. <br />
<br />
The social 'experiment' is living with social distance and, in many cases, isolation. For many of us, this represents an opportunity to embrace solitude (as opposed to isolation), to simplify our lives and reconnect remotely with friends, family and neighbors. It is nonetheless stressful, as family or apartment units are not always based on 'natural' social boundaries, i.e., we're sometimes 'stuck' with folks we're not that comfortable with and miss those with whom we have more in common.<br />
<br />
The 'experiment' part is that very few of us have encountered situations that demand so much time with so few people around us. Like any experiment, we need to try things out, reflect on what works and what doesn't and then try something else until we get our systems and approach refined to what works best for us. <br />
<br />
We can, of course, share what we've learned with others, which brings me to the other element of this experience. This is perhaps one of the greatest 'shared experiences' of our time, if not all time. Wars are impactful on the whole population of the nation states who wage them or engage in them, but less important to those not directly affected. The irony of the pandemic is that it is both a consequence of globalization and a salient symbol of the unity of humanity, as we all share its consequences on our health, our economies and our lives. <br />
<br />
As with any experiment, we do not know how this will all work out. We hope the accelerated uptake and applications of the tools of digital connectivity don't let us down, and perhaps lead us to discover new ways of work en masse. And, hopefully we will discover that the population of this small planet can use the social fabric of our cultures as a protection against harm and a shield against ignorance and the forces that would disconnect us from each other.<br />
<br />
Stay safe and go well.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-16623159938992848922019-01-01T17:43:00.003-08:002019-01-01T17:43:35.274-08:00Disconnection means death<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Disconnection means death--and connection means life. This is the theme of the three most powerful books I read in 2018. <br />
<br />
The first is Yuval Noah Harari's provocative and brilliantly crafted <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Homo-Deus-Brief-History-Tomorrow/dp/0062464310/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1546391257&sr=8-1&keywords=homo+deus+by+yuval+noah+harari" target="_blank">Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow</a> </i>(Harper 2017), in which the title of this post is embedded thusly: "Eventually we may reach a point when it will be impossible to disconnect from this all-knowing network (think Internet-of-all-things) even for a moment. Disconnection will mean death" (p. 349). Importantly, his word choice 'may' means this is not a <i>fait et compli</i> future. Paradoxically, one way for Homo Sapiens to persist in the face of ever-encompassing 'Dataism,' is to not let consciousness be completely separated from intelligence. That is to say, we need to consciously disconnect (at least in part) from the super-intelligence systems we are creating, if we want to preserve our humanity.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, global and local tribalism is disconnecting us from one another and it seems to be increasing at an alarming rate. Amy Chua's account of <b><i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Political-Tribes-Group-Instinct-Nations/dp/0399562850/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1546391214&sr=8-1&keywords=political+tribes+amy+chua" target="_blank">Political Tribes</a></i></b> (Bloomsbury 2018) describes the age-old and enduring human tendency to bond together, unfortunately often 'against' the 'other.' This form of disconnection from other humans puts the entire global community at risk. This successful author describes historic blunders around the world, not so much as ideological, but rather as tribal conflicts. Through this lens, American tribalism is not just about different deeply held belief systems, but also a simple, blunt dynamic of 'us' vs 'them.' Reconnecting this disparate band of brothers will require a narrative of unity, of a super-group. Not super as in superior, but rather 'super' as being above the self-interests of the sub-groups. New storytellers are out there. We just have to keep looking and listening.<br />
<br />
Raising our sights toward a more humanistic and simultaneously more competitive business future, in 2018, Tom Peters produced another call to action called, <i><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Excellence-Dividend-Meeting-Tech-Tide/dp/0525434623/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1546391122&sr=8-1&keywords=the+excellence+dividend+by+tom+peters" target="_blank">The Excellence Dividend: Meeting the tech tide with work that wows and jobs that last</a></b></i> (Vintage 2018). In his inimitable style, the master storyteller takes on the bleak outlook for humans in a tech-driven future. By his own admission, his thesis has not changed in the 30+ years since In Search of Excellence was published. Essentially, the point that Tom makes is that people still matter, mostly because only people, and people-centric technology can produce excellent products and services. Price pressure notwithstanding, people still want the human touch as consumers. And, we certainly want it in our workplaces. The hopeful message is that in the face of uncertainty, we can still strive for and deliver excellence, which is its own reward as well as the most rewarding way to run a business. In Tom's words, "Excellence is a way of life that sustains us and inspires us day in and day out, minute in and minute out. There is no 'long term.' There is only the way we act when we step out into the corridor after a meeting--or, yes, the quality of your next four-line e-mail. ... The manifestation of excellence--or not--in our moment-to-moment behaviour is the bedrock beneath the bedrock" (p. 44).<br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, we humans are better off when we find ways to connect and worse off when we focus on our (surprisingly small) differences as a way to divide ourselves. That sort of disconnection indeed means death--on all sorts of levels. By contrast, seeing and celebrating difference is the one form of intelligence that makes us truly human. <br />
<br />
This brings me to the most powerful talk shared with me in 2018. This <a href="https://www.netflix.com/title/80233611" target="_blank">comedy routine cum oratory masterpiece</a> called 'Nanette' by Hannah Gadsby is at once provocative, stirring and uplifting. Her concluding comments include a plea for us all to challenge the dominant power narrative that marginalises so many within our various human societies. The counter-narrative must be one of connection. Now, more than ever, for us humans, connection is life.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-32178296710569053792018-06-01T20:20:00.001-07:002018-06-01T20:20:15.548-07:00The One Device We Can't Live Without<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Yesterday, I forgot my phone as I left home. By the time I remembered it, I was almost to the train station 15 minutes from my house and too far to go back for it, as I had to meet my class.<br />
<br />
I'm sure this has happened to others and, like most people I found that living without a smartphone changed my day. While I remembered my lecture and one other meeting that day, I was at a complete loss as to what my schedule was for the week ahead. Even though I rarely make phone calls, if I wanted to make one, I had no contact phone numbers that day. And, of course, I had no maps, no Siri, no camera, and no email contact as I traveled to and from work. Actually, the list of things I was not able to do without a smartphone is endless.<br />
<br />
Coincidently, I had just finished reading an excellent exploration of the background and (amazing, but now taken for granted) features of smartphones in Brian Merchant's book, <b><i>The One Device: The secret history of the iPhone </i></b>(2017, Little, Brown and Co, New York/London). In this tightly written epic, all roads lead to the iPhone, but not before reminding us that humans have had 'a century-long drift towards being always connected, always available' (p. 39), including an 1879 vision of FaceTime. And, the scientist/inventor, Nikola Tesla told Collier's magazine early in the last Century, 'We shall be able to communicate with one another instantly, irrespective of distance. Not only this, but through television and telephony we shall see and hear one another as perfectly as though we were face to face, despite intervening distances of thousands of miles; and the instruments through which we shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple compared with our present telephone. A man (sic) will be able to carry one in his vest pocket' (p. 43).<br />
<br />
Merchant then takes us on a physical trip to the Cerro Rico silver mines Bolivia and goes on to trace the origins of some of the 'rare Earth' metals contained in an iPhone. In total, there are 30 chemical elements that make up 129 grams of the iPhone's weight, but which are only worth $1.03, according to the chart on page 56 of my hard-cover version of the book. It may sound dull, but it's fascinating in Merchant's narrative. While straightforward and revealing, his purpose in the mining story is not to judge, but to inform us as owners of resource implications of these everyday luxuries.<br />
<br />
The engineering and industrial design threads are even more captivating. Whether you're a technical person or not, the historic development of features like 'multi-touch' interfaces, 'gorilla glass' and 'lion' batteries are fascinating accounts of marvellous technologies that we all use and seldom appreciate. Indeed, most, if not all, the brilliant technologies incorporated into the iPhone were invented long ago by companies all over the world. Many sat dormant for years after prototypes failed to excite executives, just as Steve Jobs himself was not originally interested in developing a phone. In fact, he hated phones, until he saw what was possible if the phone was re-imagined and reinvented, which is what Apple did, at first without and then with Steve's blessing (and obsessions).<br />
<br />
The human and organizational story in this history is no less intriguing, informative and inspiring. Though never officially sanctioned by Apple (as one might expect), the author tracks down many key members of key teams and others associated with and/or close enough to the action to relate the intensity and extreme pressure the engineering, human interface, design and programming teams were under once the iPhone project moved from a renegade movement to a massive master endeavour within One Infinite Loop and Apple's partners. <br />
<br />
Speaking of partners, there is an eery account of Merchant's chance (unsanctioned) access into Foxconn, whose scale and secrecy is surpassed only by Apple itself. By his reckoning, the author estimates that in one quarter (based on 2015 figures), workers spent 1,152,000,000 hours screwing, gluing, soldering and snapping together iPhones. Besides the visceral reality of the place, the economic reality is that, unlike Ford's Model T, at Foxconn, Merchant found no one who was assembling iPhones could actually afford to own one.<br />
<br />
Even though the component technologies had long been in the making, the actual concept and design of the iPhone was audaciously ambitious. The notion of simply putting a phone into the company's wildly successful iPod product line was tempting (and there was a team devoted to that mission), but in the end, Apple's leadership decided to put the Mac OS into a phone, which is what made the smartphone 'smart' and not just another phone. Ultimately, Steve Jobs made this and other major calls, but only after agonising and debating with others over competing priorities and practicalities. The politics and some might say insane commitment of the folks involved in the development cannot be overstated. Those who love Apple mythology won't be disappointed. There are fables and fairytales, heroes and, of course, there is Steve Jobs. The various teams were locked down and pushing themselves to the limits, and paying the price in terms of divorce and lost family time. Most were of course proud of their unfathomable success in the end.<br />
<br />
Why should we care about the 'one device'? Besides a story of the convergence of many extraordinary technologies, the smartphone that Apple gave the world cleverly brought computers to our daily lives in a way that had never been done before and which has changed our lives. But, Brian Merchant reflects on how 'human' this one device also is. In his words, '...it's worth thinking about the computer--especially this, the bestselling computing device of all time--as being powered by human work. Because the iPhone, more expertly than its many predecessors, hides the immense amount of effort and ingenuity that's gone into it. As the screens get sharper, the apps get more addictive, and the phone becomes more seamlessly integrated into our daily routines, we're drifting further away from grasping computing as the work of human beings--at a time when they are in fact the work of more human beings than ever' (p. 378).<br />
<br />
While smartphones are here to stay, the iPhone itself will be surpassed by other devices. As Henri Lamiraux who oversaw the software engineering for the iPhone reflects, 'It's not like you created something, a piece of music that's going to be appreciated for a long, long time. It's just going to disappear and be replaced with something better, and be gone' (p. 380).<br />
<br />
That may be so, but until it's replaced with something better, most of us won't go anywhere without ours.</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-74076060759313990472018-03-11T17:25:00.002-07:002018-03-11T17:25:37.004-07:00Special Issue 'Connectivity In and Around Organizations' - Call for Papers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";">Organization
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/page/oss/call-for-papers" target="_blank">Call for Papers</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Special Issue: </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Connectivity </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">in and
around Organizations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Guest Editors<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Darl G. Kolb</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Graduate School of Management, University
of Auckland, New Zealand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Marleen Huysman</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, KIN Research Group, VU University, The
Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kristine Dery</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Center for Systems Information Research,
MIT, Australia & USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anca Metiu</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Senior Editor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organization Studies</i>,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>ESSEC
Business School, France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
journal is seeking papers for a Special Issue that reflects and considers the
impact of ubiquitous and near-constant connectivity in and around organizations.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 2008, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organization Studies</i> published an
article entitled, ‘Exploring the Metaphor of Connectivity: Attributes,
Dimensions and Duality’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kolb</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>156</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kolb,
2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="29v02x20jzzztxesd5x5f0ae02ee5sa90zpf"
timestamp="0">156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kolb,
D.
G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Exploring
the metaphor of connectivity: Attributes, dimensions and duality</title><secondary-title>Organization
Studies</secondary-title></titles><pages>127-144</pages><volume>29</volume><number>1</number><section>127</section><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>January</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>theory</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Kolb, 2008)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. A lot has happened in the world of
connectivity in the past 10 years. Following the BlackBerry (‘CrackBerry’) era,
the release of the iPhone in 2007 accelerated the ‘smartphone’ era. To be sure,
the topics of mobile communication practice </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA <![if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Dery, Kolb,
& MacCormick, 2014; MacCormick, Dery, & Kolb, 2012; Mazmanian,
Orlikowski, & Yates, 2013; Sergeva, Huysman, van den Hooff, & Soekijad,
2017)</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> virtual work and collaboration </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Fayard</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>532</RecNum><DisplayText>(Fayard
&amp; Metiu, 2014; Kolb, Collins, &amp; Lind,
2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>532</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="tff9avpraep0seer5rt5w59mtfwtrzwxza9z"
timestamp="1505767676">532</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fayard,
Anne-Laure</author><author>Metiu, Anca</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The
role of writing in distributed
collaboration</title><secondary-title>Organization
Science</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Organization
Science</full-title></periodical><pages>1391-1413</pages><volume>25</volume><number>5</number><section>1391</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Kolb</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>337</RecNum><record><rec-number>337</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="29v02x20jzzztxesd5x5f0ae02ee5sa90zpf"
timestamp="0">337</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kolb,
D. G.</author><author>Collins, P.
D.</author><author>Lind, E.
A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Requisite
connectivity: Finding flow in a not-so-flat
world</title><secondary-title>Organizational
Dynamics</secondary-title></titles><pages>181-189</pages><volume>37</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>April-June</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Fayard &
Metiu, 2014; Kolb, Collins, & Lind, 2008)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, work-life balance </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mazmanian</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>516</RecNum><DisplayText>(Bakker
&amp; Leiter, 2010; Mazmanian,
2013)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>516</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="tff9avpraep0seer5rt5w59mtfwtrzwxza9z"
timestamp="1367457613">516</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mazmanian,
M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Avoiding
the trap of constant connectivity: When congruent frames allow for
heterogeneous practices</title><secondary-title>Academy of
Management Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy
of Management
Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>1225-1250</pages><volume>56</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Bakker</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>527</RecNum><record><rec-number>527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="tff9avpraep0seer5rt5w59mtfwtrzwxza9z"
timestamp="1486603893">527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bakker,
Arnold B.</author><author>Leiter, Michael
P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Work
Engagement: A handbook of essential theory and
research</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>New
York</pub-location><publisher>Psychology Press: Taylor and Francis
Group</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Bakker &
Leiter, 2010; Mazmanian, 2013)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, perceptions of proximity </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wilson</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>352</RecNum><DisplayText>(Leonardi,
Treem, &amp; Jackson, 2010; Wilson, O&apos;Leary, Metiu, &amp;
Jett,
2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>352</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="29v02x20jzzztxesd5x5f0ae02ee5sa90zpf"
timestamp="0">352</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wilson,
Jeanne M.</author><author>O&apos;Leary, Michael
B.</author><author>Metiu, Anca</author><author>Jett,
Quintus R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Percieved
proximity in virtual work: Explaining the paradox of
far-but-close</title><secondary-title>Organization
Studies</secondary-title></titles><pages>979-1002</pages><volume>29</volume><number>7</number><section>979</section><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Leonardi</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>504</RecNum><record><rec-number>504</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="tff9avpraep0seer5rt5w59mtfwtrzwxza9z"
timestamp="1367453344">504</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Leonardi,
P.M.</author><author>Treem,
J.W.</author><author>Jackson,
M.H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The
connectivity paradox: Using technology to both decrease and increase perceptions
of distance in distributed work
arrangements</title><secondary-title>Journal of Applied
Communications
Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal
of Applied Communications Research</full-title></periodical><pages>85-105</pages><volume>38</volume><number>1</number><section>85</section><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>February</date></pub-dates></dates><work-type>Applied
research</work-type><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Leonardi,
Treem, & Jackson, 2010; Wilson, O'Leary, Metiu, & Jett, 2008)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, cognitive and socio-emotional effects of
hyper-connectivity </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Cite><Author>Turkle</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>433</RecNum><DisplayText>(Carr,
2010; Turkle, 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>433</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="29v02x20jzzztxesd5x5f0ae02ee5sa90zpf"
timestamp="0">433</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Turkle,
Sherry</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Alone
together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each
other</title></titles><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>New
York</pub-location><publisher>Basic Books</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Carr</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>372</RecNum><record><rec-number>372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="29v02x20jzzztxesd5x5f0ae02ee5sa90zpf"
timestamp="0">372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Carr,
Nicholas</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The
shallows: How the internet is changing the way we think, read and
remember</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>London</pub-location><publisher>Atlantic</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Carr, 2010;
Turkle, 2011)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> have received considerable attention in the
years since the past decade. However, with some notable exceptions </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE <span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA <![if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Bakker &
Leiter, 2010; Flyverbom, Leonardi, Stohl, & Stohl, 2016; Leonardi &
Barley, 2010; Orlikowski & Scott, 2008)</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, theoretical developments have been
relatively sparse in this relatively new, yet important field of inquiry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
believe the time is right for a dedicated collection of scholarly work that
advances our theoretical and practical understanding of the unprecedented
connective context within and around organizations. Our intent is to produce a
provocative and memorable Special Issue of <i>Organization
Studies</i>. We therefore invite refreshing scholarly discourse on what
constitutes connectivity (what it <i>is </i>and/or
what it<i> means</i>), including its
antecedents, its social materiality and the conceptual relationships that
underpin and/or define connectivity, thereby offering advances in theory.
Meanwhile, we expect critical evaluations of some of the ‘consequences’ and
implications for practice. We are also seeking empirical studies that
illuminate the subject and provide evidence and evocation for theory-building
or theory-challenging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Objectives</span></b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <b>of
the Special Issue</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To
advance our understanding of how connectivity affects organizational life<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To
stimulate dialogue and debate on connectivity as a dimension of contemporary
life <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To
offer fresh, empirically-based insights into the practice of connecting with
others through technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We invite
papers that will address, but are not limited to the following themes: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">new
perspectives on mobile human-computer interaction, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">advancements
and/or challenges to socio-technical and sociomaterial theoretical lenses, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
integration of work and non-work dimensions of life, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
stresses and strains associated with work-life integration, and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">isolation
and alienation that accompany and contradict increased connectedness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We are
particularly interested in papers that provoke new ways of thinking about
questions such as, but not limited to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How
do face-to-face organisational processes and practices compete for attention
with ubiquitous personal connective technologies?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Who
decides when and how much organizational members connect or disconnect?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What
are the implications of near-constant connectivity on health and wellness?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
paradox of autonomy: How do independent individuals still work collaboratively?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How
are work practices co-evolving with connective technologies? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How
are organizational structures co-evolving with connective technologies? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Papers
may be conceptual, theoretical and/or empirical in nature, with a preference
for empirical-based theoretical work.
While qualitative research may be most appropriate for supporting new
theoretical directions and critical perspectives, quantitative research is also
welcome, as long as it addresses new questions and contributes to the
conceptual conversation in straightforward (accessible) language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="Default">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The scope of papers is intentionally broad,
but papers should have a bearing on ‘organizational’ phenomena, as per the
overall purpose and general guidelines of <i>Organization
Studies</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Manuscripts
submitted to a Special Issue should to adhere to Organization Studies Aims and
Scope and contributor guidelines: <b>http://www.uk.sagepub.com/msg/oss.htm#HOWTOSUBMITYOURMANUSCRIPT</b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #7f7f7f; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#7F7F7F'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN EN.REFLIST <span style='mso-element:
field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bakker, A. B., & Leiter,
M. P. (2010). <i>Work Engagement: A handbook
of essential theory and research</i>. New York: Psychology Press: Taylor and
Francis Group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Carr,
N. (2010). <i>The shallows: How the internet
is changing the way we think, read and remember</i>. London: Atlantic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dery,
K., Kolb, D. G., & MacCormick, J. (2014). Working with flow: The evolving
practice of smartphone technologies. <i>European
Journal of Information Systems, 23</i>(5), 558-570.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Fayard,
A.-L., & Metiu, A. (2014). The role of writing in distributed
collaboration. <i>Organization Science, 25</i>(5),
1391-1413.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Flyverbom,
M., Leonardi, P. M., Stohl, C., & Stohl, M. (2016). The management of
visibilities in the digital age. <i>Interntional
Journal of Communication, 10</i>, 98-109.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kolb,
D. G. (2008). Exploring the metaphor of connectivity: Attributes, dimensions
and duality. <i>Organization Studies, 29</i>(1),
127-144.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Kolb,
D. G., Collins, P. D., & Lind, E. A. (2008). Requisite connectivity:
Finding flow in a not-so-flat world. <i>Organizational
Dynamics, 37</i>(2), 181-189.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Leonardi,
P. M., & Barley, S. R. (2010). What's under construction here? Social
action, materiality, and power in constructivist studies of technology and
organizing. <i>The Academy of Management
Annals, 4</i>(1), 1-51.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Leonardi,
P. M., Treem, J. W., & Jackson, M. H. (2010). The connectivity paradox:
Using technology to both decrease and increase perceptions of distance in distributed
work arrangements. <i>Journal of Applied
Communications Research, 38</i>(1), 85-105.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">MacCormick,
J., Dery, K., & Kolb, D. G. (2012). Engaged or just connected?: Smartphones
and employee engagement. <i>Organizational
Dynamics, 41</i>(3), 194-201.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mazmanian,
M. (2013). Avoiding the trap of constant connectivity: When congruent frames
allow for heterogeneous practices. <i>Academy
of Management Journal, 56</i>(5), 1225-1250.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Mazmanian,
M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The
implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals. <i>Organization Science, 24</i>(5), 1337-1357.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Orlikowski,
W. J., & Scott, S. V. (2008). Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation
of technology, work and organization. <i>The
Academy of Management Annals, 2</i>(1), 433-474.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Sergeva,
A., Huysman, M., van den Hooff, B., & Soekijad, M. (2017). Through the eyes
of others: How onlookers shape the use of mobile technology at work. <i>MIS Quarterly, 41</i>(4), 1153-1178.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Turkle,
S. (2011). <i>Alone together: Why we expect
more from technology and less from each other</i>. New York: Basic Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Wilson,
J. M., O'Leary, M. B., Metiu, A., & Jett, Q. R. (2008). Percieved proximity
in virtual work: Explaining the paradox of far-but-close. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organization Studies, 29</i>(7), 979-1002.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="EndNoteBibliography" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Download <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/pb-assets/cmscontent/OSS/CFP_connectivity_in_and_around_organizations.pdf" target="_blank">pdf</a>.</span></div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-1336678938883855182017-08-30T17:34:00.000-07:002017-09-10T20:36:23.071-07:00Humans and machines should co-evolve<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">When I was
asked recently to speak on the subject of whether robots are taking our jobs, I
said that’s a given. If you’re wondering
if robots will take our jobs, the answer is ‘yes.’ They already are.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Planes have
flown with autopilot for over 100 years, and we’re rapidly extending the list
of professions under threat from accountants and lawyers, to medicine and
engineering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">If you’re
wondering if robots will take your particular job, the answer is ‘it depends’ on how
routine your job is (<i>The Economist</i>,
2016). Hint: If your job is routine, no
matter how interesting and intelligent you are, you’re at risk of being
replaced with automation and/or machine intelligence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">In short, if
you think a computer can do your job, it probably can.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">We love our machines<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Back in 1982, we were living in Santa Fe, New
Mexico, in a little casita next to our landlord’s house. Our landlord was a professional editor and
author, who had purchased one of the first generation word processors (a Kaypro,
I believe). And, I remember telling my
writer friend, ‘John, I’ll be the last generation that won’t use a
computer.’ And, I meant it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Five (5) years later, I bought my first
Macintosh (a Mac Plus) when I started working on my PhD and that computer became more than
just a machine. It shared its secrets with me as I learned basic programming. It was there for me when I felt I couldn’t go
on. It watched over my work while I was sleeping. It holds the place of highest honour on my
office bookshelf. Machines in general,
and computers in particular, are a part of our family. An extension of
ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">So, this is a story <b>not about slaying mechanical dragons</b>. It’s about the <b>quest to be better humans</b>, who happen
to work with machines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Let’s face it, computers are simply better than
we are (or will ever be) at certain things.
They land planes more consistently, they are better at facial
recognition, they are more accurate at medical diagnoses, and they can of
course beat us at games like chess and go.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Worrying about the potential downsides of
machine intelligence and automation can blind us to the incredible
possibilities and opportunities that such technologies may offer us in the
future. </span><span lang="EN-US">We buy and sell, hire and
fire, promote and demote with a huge degree of human bias (error). The good
news is that machine intelligence is going to be able to help us out. </span><span lang="EN-AU"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Rather than worrying about what machines can
do, we should worry about what machines can’t do, in part because we still need
to build better machines, and in part because that gives us a hint as to what
we humans must continue to do well for our part in this co-evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">What are humans good for?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Walking down stairs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Even though robots can do amazing things,
what they can’t do is equally astounding, like walking down a stairway. (See
Nicolas Carr’s <i>Automation and Us</i>).
So, let’s celebrate the agility we have as humans, and take care of our human
bodies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">Collaboration:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ever struggle with astrophysics? Me too. Most of us find math difficult
because our cognitive brains are less developed than our social brains. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">As one neuroscientist puts it, our comparatively large
brains were developed to solve complex problems, but they were not the problems
of thermal dynamics, they were social problems, like who was in charge in the
tribe, how to deal with tribal politics, how to build inter-tribal
relationships and so on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US"> We are social all the way down:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-AU">Collaboration is a particularly human skill
and our social needs are driving us to use technology—maybe too much. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> <b>Social
mediation may be worse than automation:</b> While many people see automation as
the worse-case scenario for humans in relation to machines, media over-use and
over-dependence is just as bad as or worse than machine intelligence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> We used to worry about how much TV people
were watching, but nowadays screen time has become far more pervasive than TV
ever was.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> It’s not just that we look at screens so
much, but that software and devices mediate—that is go between—us and the world
around us. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">As comedian Aziz Ansari says in his book, <i>Modern Romance</i>, when observing on-line
dating behaviour, he found that too many people spend too much time working on
their profiles and not enough time dating! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">At some point, we have to look up from our
screens, if we want to live life to the full.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">Cultural
intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">In a world of diversity and difference,
humans are uniquely able to seek common connections between ourselves, even
though we differ from one another. In a world of mindless tribalism and
nationalism, it is important that humans continue to seek connections with
others who are different from us. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> <b>Context</b>
<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">IBM’s Watson can make a highly accurate
diagnosis of an illness, but only the attending physician can sense the
patient’s will to live. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> <b>Compassion<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"> Health ‘care’ means
just that, ‘caring’ for people, even while using intelligent systems to diagnose, and telemedicine
(sensors and tablets) to gather data. We must preserve the human qaulity of kindness
and compassion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Sadly, when we humans
interact, we act more like machines than humans. For example, when I rent a car,
the rental company’s representative spends the first half of their time with me
gathering routine data, and the second half trying to on-sell insurance and
other add-ons. Why can’t better apps do
these things and let the car renting human serve as a host or guide, welcoming
me to their city and sending me off toward my final destination with style and
grace? Instead, we have turned ourselves
into robots. As Nicholas Carr observes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">“Industrialisation didn’t turn us into
machines, and automation isn’t going to turn us into automatons. We’re not that
simple. But automation’s spread is making our lives more programmatic. We have
fewer opportunities to demonstrate our own resourcefulness and ingenuity, to
display the self-reliance that was once considered the mainstay of character.
Unless we start having second thoughts about where we’re heading, that trend
will only accelerate.” (Carr, pp. 198-199).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">The problem is most organisational work doesn’t involve inquiry or
critical thinking. As Josh Bersin says in his Deloitte report, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">“The future of
work is not simply about using technology to replace people. The real “future
of work” issue is all about making jobs “more human”—redesigning jobs,
redesigning work, and redesigning organizations so that the “people side” of
work has even more importance and focus than ever.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">Computers are
good at providing answers, but humans are better at asking questions. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Coupled with the rapid and radical advances in computation, we need to
not just preserve, but continue to grow and develop the human character traits
of curiosity and courage, coupled with compassion. These are the principals
that underpin programs like Outward Bound.
Along with programming skills, we need education to focus on the attributes
that makes us more resilient, more resourceful and more ready to make the hard
calls when analysis has reached its limits. Human character, however, is not just about stoicism or tenacity, it's about being both resourceful and interesting</span></div>
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Here's a test: Your friends would never think of taking a long trip without their smartphone, but if they wouldn't take you on a long trip, why not? </div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">What can we
learn from robots? What can we teach
them?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">Lifting the
bar:</span></b><span lang="EN-AU"> Don’t expect less from machines, expect more from them!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">As Tom Peters says, when software doesn’t
deliver, it’s not your fault. For those of us who were not digital
natives, we believe that we are idiots when a computer doesn’t do what we want
it to do. Things are getting easier for the app generation, but computers still
need to get better. If my healthcare is going to be delivered remotely
via a sensing, analytical nurse-bot, then it needs to be pretty darn
good. I don’t want it to be 80% right, or even 90% accurate (even though
I would accept that from a human doctor). Strangely, and unfairly to
machines, we need our machines to be better than we are in order to trust
them. And, that requires us to be smart and fussy consumers and ‘employers’
of machine intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">What could possibly go wrong?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Things will change</span></b><span lang="EN-US">, possibly slower than many predictions, but more rapidly
than we can prepare for<b>. </b>Headlines
in the past year or so have emphasized the link between robots taking our jobs
(technological change) and the economic ramifications, in particular the
growing income gap in most developed countries.
This has triggered related discussions on universal basic income, and so
on. All this is good, but social changes
are unlikely to evolve as fast as technological ones, unless there is a social
revolution that accompanies this technical revolution. If that happens, all bets are off.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Things won’t change</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> – the tendency toward ‘winner-take-all’ economics in
technology might see 1 or 2 companies dominating the robotics sector and
progress slows; in NZ we understand how duopolies work, and globally in the
1990s we saw how one company’s dominance of the PC world meant that software
development slows, or actually gets worse, when there are no rival options. So, we need smart and fussy consumers of
machine intelligence and competition among providers, or we risk having less
smart robots.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Shit will happen <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
notion of ‘normal accidents’ introduced by sociologist Charles Perrow suggests
that when you have complex systems, there is not just a chance, but a high
probability that something can and will go wrong (read, for instance, <i>Flash Boys</i> by Michael Lewis, on high
frequency trading). Machines make
mistakes too!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">A happy ending<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU">One way to think to about it is not so much that machines and humans are
in a zero-sum game, where a job is either held by a human or lost to a
machine. Perhaps a more salient metaphor is that of co-evolution, wherein
humans and machines are both evolving together, like some believe dogs and
humans have evolved in relation to one another. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU">As Garry Kasparov says, the fact that machines are getting better and
better offers a chance for humans to get better and better. <b>“Machines have calculations. We have
understanding. Machines have instructions. We have purpose. Machines have
objectivity. We have passion.” </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"> As Peter Drucker has said, “We don’t know the future, yet we
create it.” When it comes to automation
and machine intelligence, humans and technology will co-evolve, but whether
humans continue to develop our unique qualities is totally up to us.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-AU">You can listen to this talk given at the <a href="https://media.auckland.ac.nz/fms/alumni/Emails/2017/podcasts/prof-darl-kolb.mp3" target="_blank">University of Auckland 'Raising the Bar' event</a> on 29 August 2017. <a href="https://media.auckland.ac.nz/fms/alumni/Emails/2017/podcasts/prof-darl-kolb.mp3" target="_blank">Podcast</a>.</span><br />
<br />
Or, on my <a href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/201857331/living-with-robots" target="_blank">Nine to Noon interview with Kathryn Ryan</a>, 5 September 2017.<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-AU">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">Bersin, Josh, of Bersin Deloitte (2017) </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">“The Future of Work: It’s Already Here... And Not As Scary As You Think,”
JoshBersin.com, September 21, 2016, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://joshbersin.com/2016/09/the-future-of-work-its-already-here/"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">http://joshbersin.com/2016/09/the-future-of-work-its-already-here/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">Brynjolfsson, Erik and McAfee, Andrew
(2014). The second machine age: Work, progress and prosperity in a time of
brilliant technologies. New York: Norton. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">Carr, Nicholas (2014). The glass
cage: Automation and us. New York: Norton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">Colvin, Geoff (2015). Humans are
underrated: What high achievers know that brilliant machines never will. New
York: Penguin.</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11pt;">Kasparov,
Garry, TED Talk (2017): </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-22616846563453002972017-07-20T16:09:00.003-07:002017-07-20T16:09:58.128-07:00When a machine out-thinks you - Garry Kasparov's surprising optimism over Artificial Intelligence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The general commentary (and there's lots of it) on artificial (machine) intelligence is just that, 'general,' abstract, hypothetical. <br />
<br />
We don't often hear from para-legals who lost their jobs to pattern matching algorithms, or clerks who are no longer needed with accounting software like <a href="https://www.xero.com/nz/?lp=xero_brand&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIioPVmvyY1QIVl3-9Ch169g1hEAAYASAAEgIjlvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds&dclid=CKDvmqD8mNUCFc1plgodyOgDVQ" target="_blank">Xero</a> around.<br />
<br />
Think of what it would be like to sit face-to-'face' with a machine and have it beat you at chess. That's what Garry Kasparov did. He's the Chess Grandmaster who famously faced IBM's Deep Blue computer ... and lost. Well, actually, as he points out, he actually did win earlier matches, and one match in the final attempt, but that wouldn't be news.<br />
<br />
So, you might think Kasparov would be bitter or disparaging of the capabilities of machine intelligence. Or, quick to point out its limitations. But he's not. In fact, <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them?utm_source=newsletter_weekly_2017-06-03&utm_campaign=newsletter_weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_content=talk_of_the_week_image" target="_blank">his TED Talk</a> on the story of losing to AI is intelligent (of course), but also entertaining (witty), and more importantly to the conversation and debate about how humans can and should respond to the rise and rise of machine (artificial) intelligence, Kasparov's perspective is deeply inspirational about what humans can and should always do, with or without other forms of intelligence.<br />
<br />
Watch <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/garry_kasparov_don_t_fear_intelligent_machines_work_with_them?utm_source=newsletter_weekly_2017-06-03&utm_campaign=newsletter_weekly&utm_medium=email&utm_content=talk_of_the_week_image" target="_blank">his 15-minute talk</a> and enjoy!</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-12813350933382474962017-06-23T17:59:00.002-07:002017-06-23T17:59:38.041-07:00Simon Sinek on Millennials as connective addicts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Simon Sinek, whose masterful TED Talks and books on motivation are legendary, has come out with a bold and rather brash assessment of Millenials in the workplace. He bases their attitudes on growing up with adults hovering over them, giving them rapid and almost constant (often unwarranted) praise and promising them control of their world. Except it doesn't really work out that way when they get their first jobs.<br />
<br />
Importantly, in this <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hER0Qp6QJNU" target="_blank">video interview</a>, Sinek also describes these digital natives as 'addicts' to connective media. Addiction--as compared to just bad habits or social norms--is based on chemical reactions in the brain, which come from instant gratification from checking social media. The addict eventually can't stop looking at their screens.<br />
<br />
While there is risk in over-generalising generations, and some evidence that young people's reaction to media is explained more from being young than any other significant difference from other generations (which means they will change their behaviours over time), Sinek's commentary raises some serious questions about personal habits, control and connectivity. </div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-51414473242862206172016-12-30T18:52:00.002-08:002016-12-30T18:52:43.082-08:0010 years of connectivity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I initiated the 'Connectivity Corner' blog in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Looking back, what's changed in the past 10 years? <br />
<br />
Here are five (5) major changes.<br />
<br />
First was the arrival of the iPhone in 2007. As the graphics of this blog suggest, it was created during, and in response to, the BlackBerry era, when hyper-connectivity emerged as a personal/professional challenge. But, the iPhone ushered in a whole new era of 'smartphone' technologies, the 'app generation' and ubiquitous connectivity.<br />
<br />
Then there was (and still is) Facebook and other social networking sites, where connectivity moved from the office into our homes, schools and bedrooms, from the most mundane to the most intimate of social interactions. We have always known how important social networks are, but this past decade has been all about the social dimensions of what we do, who we are and how we make sense of the world.<br />
<br />
Third, was the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), where we learned too little and too late the dangers associated with super-fast computers, nano-second game-playing designed by marginally in-control humans, or rather bankers, some of whom considered themselves a race apart.<br />
<br />
Fourth, is the rise and rise of automation and artificial intelligence, where what it means to be human in a world of brilliant technologies has captured our collective imagination. As computers get smarter and more connected (think also of the Internet of Things), we are struggling to know what humans are for.<br />
<br />
Finally, when I wrote about the duality of connectivity in 2008, I included forces that keep us apart (disconnects), but observed that we (the human race) were generally were getting closer through connectivity. Indeed, at the time the world was truly getting 'smaller' as we were becoming more globally connected. But, in the past few years, the 2000 march of globalisation has hit a snag, held to ransom by fundamentalism, exceptionalism and revitalised nationalism.<br />
<br />
It's been a wildly exciting, and sometimes turbulent, decade of connectivity. Here's looking forward to the future with hope for connections that bring us closer together.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-83158723852195267132016-12-23T13:27:00.003-08:002016-12-23T13:27:44.556-08:00Is nothing sacred?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The answer is 'yes.'<br />
<br />
In these troubled, cynical times, when every element of human sensibility and decency seems up for grabs, it is important to see the special, 'sacred' aspects of life around us.<br />
<br />
Time with loved ones is sacred.<br />
<br />
Time with friends is sacred.<br />
<br />
Family time can be sacred.<br />
<br />
Quiet time can be sacred.<br />
<br />
Time alone can be sacred.<br />
<br />
Walks/runs/rides/swims/paddles, etc can be sacred.<br />
<br />
Teacher-student (Mentor-apprentice) relationships can be sacred.<br />
<br />
Letter writing (including emails, txts, message chats) can be sacred, especially holiday cards, of which we still get a few. <br />
<br />
For many years, we used to create a holiday greeting card to send to family and friends. They often featured special travel destinations (tourist shots), or mountain/river landscapes, or silly shots, like us hanging upside down ('Heading down under' was the caption.) when we got the offer to move to New Zealand. This has been a particularly awful year on many levels and dimensions. And, even so, or maybe because of all that has happened this year, I feel inclined to celebrate all the good we still have in our lives...by taking a Christmas photo. <br />
<br />
Here's to whatever is sacred to you and yours.<br />
Best,<br />
Darl<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-3377240894357926592016-08-12T20:47:00.002-07:002016-08-12T20:47:38.629-07:00WeChat - Super App<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Heading to Shanghai tonight for a week of reconnecting with that dynamic city.<br />
<br />
Naturally, our group members have all signed up and are using WeChat.<br />
<br />
If you don't live or work in or around China, you may have never heard of WeChat, but as the New York Times reports in this excellent <a href="http://nyti.ms/2b4n4ew">video</a>, WeChat is far more comprehensive than any Western app (at least for now).<br />
<br />
Check out how much functionality ('virtality') is built into the app. <a href="http://nyti.ms/2b4n4ew" target="_blank">Watch video</a>.<br />
<br />
The NY Time article claims that, rather than imitating apps from other markets, the Chinese are now leading app developers and have expanded what we think about what apps can do.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-37897932438767011602016-07-27T13:02:00.003-07:002016-07-27T13:32:54.132-07:00Serious questions about the future of work<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Having just completed a series of alumni talks in Melbourne and Sydney on the popular topic of 'the future of work,' I am left feeling the weight of the topic, given the questions that arose in both of these large and growing Australian cities.<br />
<br />
Though attendees were generally upbeat and lively over drinks and nibbles, the Q&A after both talks skipped the 'gee whiz' factor of automation and artificial intelligence technologies and centered on the socio-economic concerns of systemic job loss, structural fault lines and uncertainty going forward into a future where technology may not produce as many jobs as it takes away.<br />
<br />
Reading the <i>Financial Review</i> over breakfast, I found Jennifer Hewett's observation matches the mood of responses to my talk. She observes that, along with the benefits of global economic growth and development, '...the dislocation being felt by many in the West due to changes in technology, demand, competition, education and jobs is also real. For all the advantages, disruptive business models and globalisation can become highly personalised and painful concepts.' (<i>The Australian Financial Review</i>, 27 July 2016, p. 2)<br />
<br />
Australia's pain and job loss is more about its reliance on commodities like coal and other extractive industries than it is about technology per se, but the fundamental fear is that when jobs disappear people feel adrift. When we talk about the future of 'work,' we are also in essence talking about the future of jobs in a world where banks don't ask about the work you do when they are assessing you for a mortgage. What they really want to know is 'what is your job?' and how will it support your financial future?<br />
<br />
In my talks on the future of work, I have to refer to Brynjolfsson and McAfee's book, <i>The Second Machine Age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies</i>. Our Aussie audience actually illustrated a key point made by these authors, namely that the act of asking questions is what will continue to distinguish human intelligence from artificial intelligence. As they say:<br />
<br />
'Computers are not useless, but they're still machines for generating answers, not posing interesting new questions. That ability still seems to be uniquely human, and still highly valuable. We predict that people who are good at idea creation will continue to have a comparative advantage over digital labor for some time to come, and will find themselves in demand. In other words, we believe that employers now and for some time to come will, when looking for talent, follow the advice attributed to the Enlightenment sage Voltaire: "Judge a man by his questions, not his answers." (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014, p. 192).<br />
<br />
We are proud of our graduates for the questions they are asking. For me, their questions remind me of how little we still understand about the impact of technologies on human lives.<br />
________________________________________________________________________<br />
For an excellent overview of the impact of artificial intelligence and automation on work, see the recent special report, 'March of the Machines' in <i>The Economist</i>, 25 June - 1 July, 2016.</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-23668928027130319612016-02-29T00:49:00.000-08:002016-03-01T00:20:27.578-08:00What I learned from Tom Peters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
For the second year in a row, Tom Peters has been a guest in my MBA class.<br />
<br />
Tom's presence is an awe-inspiring experience for my students. But, watching my Mentor connect with people is beyond inspirational for me. Here is what I have learned from watching Tom in action.<br />
<br />
<b>10 Lessons for Teachers from Watching Tom Peters</b><br />
<br />
1. When you look one person in the eyes, everyone feels the connection.<br />
<br />
2. Audacity is good when you're passionate about things and people other than yourself.<br />
<br />
3. Bias is OK, when you own it, and admit it might make you wrong.<br />
<br />
4. Being clever is a device, not an end in itself.<br />
<br />
5. Talk about things that matter to you.<br />
<br />
6. Humility gives you access to everyone you meet. Ego restricts access to the world around you.<br />
<br />
7. Remember that most of the fancy things we say, our mothers already knew and probably told us.<br />
<br />
8. Walk around the room to keep your thoughts moving.<br />
<br />
9. It's not the content, it's the connections.<br />
<br />
10. Be thankful for the opportunity to learn by sharing yourself with others.</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-15652724854436747272015-12-30T18:41:00.003-08:002016-02-24T16:28:40.083-08:00Connecting to place<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">2015 has been the year of artificial intelligence, robots and the Internet of Things. These phenomena all challenge the notion of physicality and locality. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Having lived in
New Zealand for 24 years, I have come to appreciate the Maori concept of
‘whakapapa,’ that is introducing yourself, not by your credentials or
achievements, but where you come from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Where is your mountain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where is
your river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where is the place and who
are the people that brought you here and shaped who you are.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I grew up on a farm from
which we looked west into West Virginia and north across the Mason Dixon Line
to Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My mountains are the
Allegheny Mountains and my river is the Youghegeny River in Western Maryland.
In fact, I have only recently come to appreciate the beauty of these Native
American place names.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were others
too, like Monongehala and the Susquehanna rivers—beautiful names.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More beautiful than the more general, more
common regional name of Appalachia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">My ancestors were once
immigrants like me.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anna Barbara Kolb
came from Germany to seek a better life with her two sons in the mid-1800s
and the Kolb family is still farming those acres. My Mom's family have Amish roots, who married my Irish grandmother. The county I was born in hasn’t changed very
much over the years, and it was a great place to grow up!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We lived off the land in a culture that I
came to appreciate when I studied sociology at university.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The other significant
mountain in my life is Denali (‘The Great One’ or Mt McKinley) in Alaska.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Climbing Denali, the highest peak in North
America, was a life dream, which gave me the confidence to pursue my other life
dream, which was getting my PhD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Level 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The thing about climbing
Denali and running the Grand Canyon and working 20-28 day courses in the
Colorado mountains or the Chihuahuan Desert was that I have experienced
considerable, unadulterated isolation with minimal or no contact with the
outside world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such experiences are so
rare today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Let’s not become dis-placed, disembodied
cyborgs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My experience growing up on a
farm and leading people in wilderness environments has taught me the value of
keeping our minds and bodies connected. Sociologist Anthony Giddens talks about
‘deterritorialization,’ which refers to mediated and virtual environments lifting us out of our local place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The danger of
losing touch with place and our physical selves is not new, but it is one that
is increasing rapidly as more and more of our world becomes increasingly virtual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px;">The Maori custom of introductions beginning with a deep sense of place provides important context for human interaction. Perhaps we all should find ways to 'reterritorialize' ourselves, to the physical places that matter to us.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 19px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 19px;">Have a happy, connected New Year!</span></div>
</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-18303673108507136542015-10-28T22:00:00.000-07:002015-10-28T22:00:20.266-07:00Inaugural lecture - Introduction, thanks, why 'connectivity'?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Darl
G. Kolb<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Professor
of Connectivity<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Inaugural
Lecture<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">University of Auckland
Business School<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15 September 2015<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Connectivity
isn’t everything <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">(but
it’s almost everything)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Connectivity underpins almost
every aspect of contemporary life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
toddlers with tablets and texting teens to smartphone addicts and the Internet
of things, we are increasingly able to be connected anytime/anywhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But, ubiquitous and near-constant connectivity
also comes with a price of fragmented attention, blurred work/non-work
boundaries, and even (ironically) social isolation. The democratization of
information and media is shifting power to the consumer of everything from
hotels to hospitals, amidst unprecedented threats to privacy and security.
Moreover, digitization, automation and machine-to-machine connectivity are
changing work and organizations, and disrupting extant business models.
Socio-technical theories have explained the interaction between humans and
machines in the past, but we need new ways to think about information and
computing tools that literally go with us everywhere we go. The conceptual and
practical challenges are great, but increasing connectivity also brings
extraordinary opportunities for news ways of working, innovative business
models that can succeed from anywhere, and enhanced personal performance and
well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Introduction</span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thank you all for being here today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">What some people won’t do for a glass of Goldie wine on a Tuesday
afternoon. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As some of you may know, the tradition here at Auckland is to give this
lecture in academic regalia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I like the
tradition and my Cornell regalia, but the gown may have to go if it gets too
warm in here.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">One more caveat on format.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is an inaugural lecture, not an inaugural TED Talk and while I normally admire
and aspire to deliver TED-type talks, I can’t do that for 40 minutes, so if
you’re expecting a TED Talk, this will be twice as long and half as entertaining.
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Before I begin, I would like to say a few words of thanks to those who
have played a role in my being here today. To Stuart for the cool title.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To the Deans, Alastair (MacCormick), Barry (Spicer) and Greg (Whittred), all
of whom have encouraged and supported me in different ways over the years. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To the many great academic and professional colleagues within the
School, many of whom are here today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thanks
for making this such a great place to work for nearly 24 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To every teacher who put up with me in class,
thanks for your patience and encouragement! And, to my students over the years
who have challenged and also contributed to my understanding.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To my parents who encouraged me to go out and see the world, knowing
that I might not come back home. And, last, but certainly not least, many
thanks to my wife, Joline Francoeur, who pulled me back into the raft in the
middle of a rapid 36 years ago and who has helped keep me afloat in many ways
ever since.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is an honour to be giving this inaugural lecture, not just as a Professor
of the Graduate School of Management, of which I am very proud, but as the
first Professor of Connectivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
imagine many of you are wondering what a professor of connectivity does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some think I might fix their wireless router,
but I am not that kind of doctor. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In this talk, I hope to explain what this Professor of Connectivity
does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, maybe inspire others to join
me in this emerging field.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">But, first, having lived in New Zealand for 23 years, I have come to
appreciate the Maori concept of ‘whakapapa,’ that is introducing yourself, not
by your credentials or achievements, but where you come from.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where is your mountain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where is your river.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where is the place and who are the people
that brought you here and shaped who you are.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I grew up on a farm in Western Maryland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My mountains are the Allegheny Mountains and
my river is the Youghegeny River. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The significance of this place was that it was relatively isolated,
geographically and socially, but we had a strong connection to the land,
something I will return to later in this talk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The other significant mountain in my life is Denali (Mt. McKinley) in
Alaska.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Climbing Denali, the highest
peak in North America, at the age of 28 was a life dream, and it gave me the
confidence to pursue another life dream, which was getting my PhD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The thing about climbing Denali and running the Grand Canyon and
working month-long wilderness courses in the Colorado mountains or the
Chihuahuan Desert was that I was fortunate to experience considerable isolation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such experiences are rare today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will also return to the importance of ‘solitude’
later in this talk.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">So, these are some of the places and experiences I bring with me to
this place and time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Speaking of time,
maybe I should get on with the talk. </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Why connectivity?<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">You may wonder how I came to be interested in the subject of
‘connectivity.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Well, at the end of the
1990s, I was in the market for a new and ‘enduring problem’ to research. And,
so it occurred to me that New Zealand had this problem with distance, which
ironically seemed more pronounced after the World Wide Web and the tech boom of
the 1990s. I decided that ‘managing distance’ would be my ‘enduring problem.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, I began reading the sociology of
globalisation and the organizational literature on ‘distance.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A turning point, however, was when my friend Deb Shepherd said to me
after a research seminar I had given, ‘Distance is not a problem for most
people in the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What about looking
at the positive side of connectivity?’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>And, that turn has made all the difference! Thanks, Deb!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-55240672208427419782015-10-28T21:47:00.001-07:002015-10-28T22:09:29.577-07:00Literature landmarks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015<br />
<br />
Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Landmarks in the Literature</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While all social science disciplines are concerned with human connections,
there are three <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(3) landmarks</b> in the
literature that underpin my work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
are information theory, social network theory and structuration theory and its
variations.</span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In 1937, Claude Shannon, while a student at MIT, produced what has been
called the most influential Masters thesis of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century.
Published in 1938, it contained what we now call ‘<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">information theory</b>,’ the proposition that any and all data can be
expressed in binary terms, of zeros (0s) and ones (1s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Information theory made way for digitization,
which underpins, just about everything we experience nowadays. It is estimated
that a duodecillion, that’s 10 to the 39<sup>th</sup> power (10<sup>39</sup>),
zero/one switches take place every second of every day, but that figure seems
low to me. :-)</span></span></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">If information theory has created the digital world, the landmark that
has transformed our social world is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">network
theory</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1960s, Stanley Milgram
and others’ experiments demonstrated that it is ‘a small world after all.’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Milgram challenged his students to deliver a
letter to a subject 1000 miles away using friends-of-friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The average number of links was 6 and
therefore the popular notion of ‘6 degrees of separation’ was born.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A few years later, Mark Granovetter discovered that we get more and
better resources from those more distant and less well known to us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His article, entitled the ‘strength of weak
ties,’ basically explains how Facebook and LinkedIn work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the power of Social Network Analysis is
debatable, networks are currently seen, not just as a way to find a job or a
place to eat, but as a metaphor of society (Castells, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Rise of the Network Society</i>).</span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The third major landmark in the literature is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">social construction of reality</b>, which challenged functionalist
views of society and technological determinism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In my senior year at college, we read Berger and Luckmann’s book,
entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Social Construction of
Reality</i> and it blew my mind!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Returning to the sociology literature years later I discovered Giddens’
structuration theory and it was slightly easier to understand, but also offers
a more compelling case for individual <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agency</i></b> or choice in the face of
social structures (norms), something I believe is critical to living in a
connected world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In structuration, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">agency</i> is intertwined (constrained and
enabled) with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">structure</i> in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">duality</i>, a relationship that I also
found applicable to connectivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A related strand of thinking that is more specifically related to
connectivity is the evolution of our thinking about how we socially create
meaning through, around and with technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The socio-technical school begin in Britain in the 1950s and advanced
through Barley and others’ work in the 1980s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Orlikowski, Scott, Barley et al have since reminded us of the importance
of the material attributes of technologies and we now have the ‘sociomaterial’
school of thought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Essentially, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sociomaterial
view</b> is that while society is still socially constructed, our
interpretations, enactments and sense making all involve, and are affected
(though not necessary determined by) the material attributes (including design,
functionality, look and feel) of the technology and anything in the material
world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In short, we humans make stuff up
in our heads, but the stuff outside our heads--and in our hands--still matters!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Based on these <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">foundations</b>,
I would now like to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">highlight four (4)
contributions</b> that I having introduced to the literature, namely the:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">sociomaterial nature</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> of connectivity,
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">duality of connects and
disconnects,<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">attributes of connectivity,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> and <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">states of connectivity</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-89235743512381037762015-10-24T13:29:00.000-07:002015-10-24T13:29:44.842-07:00Defining connectivity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015.<br />
<br />
Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Defining Connectivity<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In my 2008 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Organization Studies</i>
article, I define connectivity as being <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">socio-material</i></b> in nature. It includes
the physical and technical along with multiple social dimensions of
connectivity: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">“Connectivity is defined here as the mechanisms, processes, systems and
relationships that link individuals and collectives (e.g. groups,
organisations, cultures, societies) by facilitating material, informational
and/or social exchange.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It includes
geo-physical (e.g. space, time and location), technological (e.g. information
technologies and their applications) as well as social interactions and
artefacts, including shared histories, travel, trade, migration, culture,
politics and other social activities.” (Kolb, 2008, p. 128)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is a comprehensive definition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>You can see why I say that ‘connectivity is almost everything.’ </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In that same paper, I have drawn upon information theory to identify a <strong>duality </strong>of<strong> connects and disconnects</strong>
across ten (10) dimensions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-44665994055543665082015-10-24T13:28:00.000-07:002015-10-24T13:28:56.076-07:00Attributes of connectivity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015.<br />
<br />
Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The final contribution of the <em>Organization Studies</em> paper was a short
list of attributes of connectivity that was prompted by a reviewer, who
challenged me to say why connectivity was a unique metaphor for organisation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">That was a blessing, because it is so rare to be able to contribute
anything novel or new in today’s academic literature. And, here was a top
journal asking for something <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">original</i>.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> A</span></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">fter some thought, I came up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">four (4) unique attributes</b> of connectivity. I tried to think of a
fifth, because five (5) sounds like a better list, but I could only come up
with four meaningful and universal attributes of connectivity, and here they
are:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Latent potentiality</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> means we have
lots of connections, but use them as we need them, bringing them from the
background to the foreground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weak ties
by definition are distant links that we reach out to as needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Actor agency</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> incorporates the
structuration notion of choice or freedom to act as an individual within social
structures (norms and expectations). Most of us can choose when, how and how
much to connect with others, even though it may not always feel like a choice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Temporal intermittency</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> means
connectivity comes and it goes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike a
state of connectedness, which is always there, connectivity is seldom
seamless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if the technical
connectivity is robust, we humans have to sleep and cannot be consciously
connected all the time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Unknowable pervasiveness</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> reminds us that
the extensiveness of networks now exceeds our ability to know who is connected
to whom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The very culture of sharing
that ushered in the Internet is now one of its dark sides.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-29861726287370438092015-10-22T15:47:00.002-07:002015-10-24T13:28:32.768-07:00States of connectivity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015.<br />
<br />
Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">States of Connectivity<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While metaphors are powerful, ‘there is nothing so practical as a good
theory’ (Lewin, 1948).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">My research has been following a classic trajectory, with a few pure
theoretical papers, followed by empirical field and survey research, which in
turn is being followed with applied research.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When my colleagues and I went into the field, our primary research question
was: How much connectivity is enough?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Too little? Too much? In relation to team performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Our field work was conducted at three product development sites within
a multinational medical electronics company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The sites were located in Boston, MA, Seattle, WA and Bangalore,
India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the field research, we
developed a theoretical model as well as an extensive survey instrument,
through which we have collected data from 29 globally distributed work teams.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In our model of ‘requisite connectivity’ (Kolb, Collins and Lind,
2008), we identify four <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(4) states of
connectivity</b> in relation to performance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The states of connectivity are ‘hypo-‘ (too little), ‘hyper-‘ (too
much), ‘requisite’ (a threshold condition, good enough) and ‘flow’ (an ideal,
optimal state).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The model has general appeal when I talk to knowledge workers and those
who work across distances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We have however learned through that large-scale team study that these
states of connectivity do not actually occur or have meaning at the team level
(which was sort of a bummer).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Essentially,
we found connective states to be in the ‘eye of the beholder,’ and so
individual-level analysis is our focus at the moment.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The state of ‘flow’ has become a metaphor on its own. Kristine Dery,
Judy MacCormick and I have used the metaphor of flow to describe how smartphone
users do not necessarily switch ‘on’ and ‘off,’ but rather they regulate the
‘flow’ of messages between work and non-work connections, much as one might
open a water tap more or less, without shutting it off entirely.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We call this ‘working with flow.’<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-69746819413062885052015-10-22T15:47:00.000-07:002015-10-24T13:28:18.636-07:00Media flow<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015.<br />
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Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Media Flow<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now, the prescription for this talk is to locate one’s work in the
broad spectrum of one’s field and not to talk about specific research projects,
but I have to show you a little bit about what we’re doing right now, because
it is so exciting.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the problems we encountered in our distributed teams study was
this: we wanted to understand individuals’ perceptions of their state of
connectivity and, of course, it would be good to measure how much connectivity
they had or didn’t have.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It turns out
that individuals are perfectly capable at reporting how they ‘feel’ about the
amount of media and meetings they have to deal with, but they are pretty bad
(we all are) at estimating how much connectivity, i.e., the number of emails,
text messages and social media messages, they actually were receiving.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Our ‘Media Flow’ project addresses this problem by allowing us to
measure the flow of messages a person receives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Working with a tech partner, called Unified Inbox, we can redirect participants’
media through a common portal (Inbox), where it is not only counted, but time
stamped so we can monitor ‘media flow’ in real time and over time to see
patterns of connectivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In exchange,
participants get to see their own media patterns and trends on a dashboard,
which we have created.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The obvious next stage of this research is to add bio feedback and so
we are working with the Health Innovation team in the School of Population
Health on a Strategic Research Fund application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our intent is to couple the media flow
analytics with bio feedback so that users can monitor and modify their media
use to not just for better performance, but for better well-being.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Overall, my intent and long-term goal for connectivity research is
continued theorizing and empirical research, with direct applied benefits for
those living in an age of connectivity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">So, that’s my research story … so far.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8019277467574157958.post-92188523947298668002015-10-15T17:13:00.001-07:002015-10-15T17:13:39.417-07:00'Connectivity is Productivity' <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
From my Inaugural Lecture, 15 September 2015 that the University of Auckland Business School.<br />
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Title: <strong>'Connectivity isn't everything (but it's almost everything)'</strong><br />
<strong></strong><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Opportunities<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></strong></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">‘Connectivity is productivity’ </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Of course, I couldn’t help but notice this full-page HP ad in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New York Times </i>on 5 July this year, which said simply in bold letters, "Connectivity is productivity."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-NZ; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This advertisement prompted the title of my talk, which is a play on the economist, Paul Krugman’s claim that ‘Productivity isn’t everything, but it’s
almost everything.’<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">We have talked about productivity at the individual and team level, but
I would like to mention a few other ways in which connectivity is increasing
productivity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some countries and regions are taking new ways of work very seriously.
The Dutch, for example, have not only been studying the application of new
technologies, but many of their corporations actively encourage workers to work
wherever and whenever in order to promote better outcomes for business along
with better outcomes for the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Connectivity began with machines, and is moving back there
rapidly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, the social network era
will no doubt last, but it may, in the long run, be overshadowed by the
Internet of Things.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a massive number
of sensors deployed around us and nearly every appliance and machine connected
to the Net, connectivity will become more embedded into our lives than ever
before, and often without our knowledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Which brings us to some downsides of these technologies… <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Connectivity also has a ‘dark side.’ <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Connectivity Cornerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15055113813919515317noreply@blogger.com0